Cas Chiv Muaj Feem Cuam Tshuam Rau Qhov Zoo Ntawm Qoob Loo -1

2024 Tus sau: Sebastian Paterson | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 13:50

Ncuav cov kua, txiv kab ntxwv nkig …

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb cog qoob loo rau lub caij ntuj sov yog kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, berries lossis zaub. Tam sim no cov neeg ua teb thiab cov zaub cog tau them ntau dua thiab tsis suav zoo rau ntau ntau ntawm cov khoom lag luam, tab sis kuj ua rau lawv zoo.

Txawm li cas los xij, txoj haujlwm no nyuaj dua li kev cog qoob loo. Yog li ntawd, nws tsim nyog xav cais thiab ywj siab. Ua ntej, cia peb tham txog kev hais dav dav, kev qhia theoretical, kom tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem nkag siab zoo dua cov tswv yim tswj hwm kev tswj hwm cov khoom lag luam zoo, kom txhua tus neeg ua teb thiab cog zaub yuav ua nws tus kheej ntawm nws lub dacha.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb, zoo li sau qoob, yog qhov ntsuas ntau. Nws tuaj yeem ntsuas, thiab qee qhov pom. Kev ua tau zoo, ua ntej, yog cov khoom sib xyaw biochemical ntawm cov qoob loo, uas yog, cov ntsiab lus hauv cov qoob loo ntawm cov protein, cov rog, hmoov txhuv nplej siab, piam thaj, fiber, vitamins, alkaloids, cov roj tseem ceeb, tannins, macro- thiab microelements tsim nyog rau tib neeg kev noj haus. Thib ob, cov no yog cov organoleptic thiab cov cim lag luam ntawm cov qoob loo - qhov loj me, xim, xim, tsis hnov tsw, saj, ua tiav thiab lwm yam khoom.

Thib peb, cov no yog qhov ntau raug tso cai ntawm cov tshuaj, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom hauv cov qoob loo tsis tsim nyog, thiab tej zaum kuj txaus ntshai rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau mob siab ua kom tau txais tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho zoo sau, tab sis kuj muaj qhov ua tau zoo, nrog cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv nws ntawm cov tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig uas cov nroj tsuag loj tuaj.

Qhov zoo ntawm cov qoob loo tuaj yeem sib txawv. Cov protein nyob hauv cov nplej, piv txwv li, tuaj yeem nyob ntawm 9 txog 25%, hmoov txhuv nplej siab hauv qos yaj ywm - los ntawm 10 txog 24%, qab zib hauv beets - los ntawm 12 txog 22%; cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov rog hauv oilseeds, suab thaj thiab cov vitamins hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub, alkaloids thiab roj yam tseem ceeb hauv cov roj ntsha alkaloid thiab cov roj tseem ceeb - 1.5-2 zaug, macro- thiab microelements - 2-10 zaug. Qhov no txhais tau tias thaum fertilizing, txawm tias muaj qhov sib txig sib luag, los ntawm tib thaj chaw, koj tuaj yeem tau txais ob peb zaug ntau dua kev lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig.

Txog rau lub sijhawm, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua qoob loo ntawm cov chaw cog qoob loo hauv dacha tseem nyob rau theem qis thiab tsis tau ua tiav cov kev xav tau ntawm cov pej xeem. Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom lag luam uas tsis tshua zoo tsis tsuas yog tus nqi tsis muaj zaub mov zoo, tab sis kuj tseem khaws cia tsis zoo. Poob ntawm qos yaj ywm, txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov qoob loo thaum cog cia tuaj yeem ncav 50 feem pua lossis ntau dua. Yog li, txhim kho cov qoob loo zoo yog ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntsib dacha ua liaj ua teb.

Cov qoob loo nws tus kheej tau tsim, raws li koj paub, ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev loj hlob, los ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm tes: cov ntau lub hlwb, cov tawm ntau dua. Kev ua tau zoo yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem biochemical uas tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob muaj sia los ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau nws ntawm ib puag ncig cov txheej txheem: vaum, kub, lub teeb, huab cua, av thiab chiv. Ntawm tag nrho cov xwm txheej no, kev chiv keeb yog cov muaj zog thiab ua tau sai tshaj plaws hauv kev tswj cov qoob loo zoo.

Nrog rau cov chiv, cov nroj tsuag tau txais cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig uas hloov lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab ua cov tuam tsev hauv kev tsim cov organic tshiab lossis ntxiv rau cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes. Yog li, txhim kho cov khoom noj ntawm cov nroj tsuag nrog qee yam khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm ntau qib ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, nws muaj peev xwm hloov cov kev coj ntawm cov zaub mov hauv cov dej hauv cov kev xav thiab ua rau muaj kev txuam nrog cov protein, hmoov txhuv nplej siab, piam thaj, rog, alkaloids, vitamins thiab lwm yam kev lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig. tshuaj hauv cov nroj tsuag.

Txhawm rau kom nkag siab zoo txog cov teeb meem muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev cog qoob loo, peb yuav tau paub txog cov khoom sib xyaw biochemical ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsis muaj teeb meem loj npaum li cas. Txhua cov ntaub so ntswg cog muaj ntau txhiab yam sib txawv ntawm cov organic thiab ntxhia sib txuas. Feem ntau ntawm lawv pom hauv cov nroj tsuag hauv qhov ntau me me (cov protein, cov enzymes, nucleic acids, thiab lwm yam). Txawm li cas los xij, lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Muaj ntau cov tshuaj ntxiv xws li cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin hauv cov nroj tsuag, tab sis lawv xav tau los tsim kev txhawb nqa, cev pob txha thiab cov nqaij mos sib xyaw, yog li lawv khaws ntau ntxiv hauv cov qia, noob thiab cell daim nyias nyias. Qee cov tebchaw tsim nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntau hauv qee yam nroj tsuag kabmob - noob, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, cov hauv paus hniav, lub raj. Nroj tsuag siv los txuas ntxiv rau lawv yam. Thiab koj thiab kuv siv nyob rau hauv peb cov khoom noj. Cov no suav nrog cov khoom noj proteincov rog, cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab thiab muaj suab thaj yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov qoob loo zoo.

Qee cov nroj tsuag muaj cov organic sib tov tshwj xeeb - alkaloids, glycosides, cov roj yam tseem ceeb thiab cov resins, ntau yam phenolic thiab hydroaromatic compound, thiab lwm yam, uas txiav txim siab qhov loj, cov duab, xim, tsw thiab saj ntawm cov khoom. Cov xyaw ntawm cov qoob loo suav nrog ntau cov minerals - phosphorus, potassium, cov kab kawm, tsis muaj qhov uas peb lub neej yuav tsis yooj yim txhua lub sijhawm. Tag nrho cov kab ke hauv cov organic thiab cov ntxhia ua cov cov hu ua qhuav teeb meem ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas thaum kawg txiav txim siab qhov loj ntawm qoob loo.

Ntau lub plab hnyuv siab raum thiab cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj qhov sib npaug me me ntawm cov teeb meem qhuav, tab sis muaj dej ntau me me. Qhov sib piv nruab nrab ntawm lawv fluctuates nyob ntawm seb hom nroj tsuag, hnub nyoog thiab lub cev kev xav, kev loj hlob ntawm cov mob thiab lub sijhawm nruab hnub. Cov kwv yees cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov dej thiab cov teeb meem qhuav hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm cov kua txob, txiv lws suav, dib yog 92-96% thiab 4-8%, feem, hauv zaub qhwv, radishes, turnips - 90-93 thiab 7-10%, hauv carrots, beets, qhov muag cov noob dos - 85-90 thiab 10-15%, hauv cov qos yaj ywm - 75-80 thiab 20-25%, hauv cov noob ntawm cov noob thiab cov roj - 7-15 thiab 85-93%. Thaum cov noob ua siav, qhov dej tsawg zuj zus tuaj, thiab cov ntsiab lus qhuav nce mus txog 85-90% ntawm qhov hnyav tag nrho. Cov chiv ua si ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev txuam nrog cov teeb meem qhuav.

Thaum cog cov ntoo, koj yuav tsum xav tau cov teeb meem qhuav ntau li ntau tau. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qee qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lawv tseem nyob hauv cov hauv paus hauv seem thiab hauv cov nroj tsuag pov tseg, tab sis qhov no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub cev muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm lub cev ntawm lub caij ntuj sov, lawv tuaj yeem rov qab siv rau kev zom zaws, ua kom cov nyom thiab nce hauv av.

Kev faib tawm ntawm cov pa roj carbon nyob hauv cov teeb meem qhuav ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj txog 42-45%, oxygen - 40-42% thiab hydrogen - 6-7%, uas yog, lawv suav rau thaj tsam li ntawm 90-94% ntawm tag nrho cov teeb meem qhuav. cov ntsiab lus, thiab qhov seem yog nitrogen thiab ntxhia (tshauv) cov ntsiab lus - 6-10%. Qhov ntawd tsis ntau. Txawm li cas los xij, sau nyob rau hauv Feem ntau cov nyob tsuas yog nyob ntawm lawv, uas yog, nyob rau hauv chiv, vim hais tias cov tshauv ntsiab tuaj rau lub caij ntuj sov tsev tsuas yog nrog chiv.

Cov qos yaj ywm muaj 78% dej, 1.3% protein, 2% cov roj ntsha protein, 0.1% rog, 17% hmoov txhuv, 0.8% fiber, 1% ntoo tshauv (yog tias tsob ntoo hlawv). Carrots muaj 86% dej, 0.7% protein, 1.3% protein tsis txaus, 0.2% rog, 9% hmoov txhuv nplej siab, 1.1% fiber, 0.9% tshauv. Cov ntsiab lus nitrogen hauv ntau hom nroj tsuag muaj li 1 txog 3% thiab tshauv - txij li 1 txog 6%. Hauv cov hmoov tshauv, phosphorus ua rau 40-50% nws qhov hnyav, poov tshuaj - 30-40%, magnesium thiab calcium - 8-12%, i.e. plaub lub ntsiab no suav txog li 90-95% ntawm tag nrho cov ntoo tshauv, thiab qhov seem yog microelements thiab ulticroelements. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus no tau thov nrog chiv, thiab nrog lawv cov kev pab peb tuaj yeem tswj hwm cov qoob loo zoo.

Ntawm cov organic sib txuas, cov protein yog cov tseem ceeb tsim cov nroj tsuag. Cov no yog cov nyhav nyhav molecular nyhav sib txuas ua tau los ntawm 20 amino acids thiab 2 tus neeg amides - asparagine thiab glutamine. Ntau cov plab hnyuv siab raum thiab cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj ntau txhiab tus sib txawv, feem ntau yog cov roj ntsha enzyme. Txhua qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm ntau yam sib txuas hauv cov nroj tsuag tshwm sim nrog lawv txoj kev koom nrog. Proteins yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau lub hauv paus rau kev muaj sia. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein nyob hauv cov plab hnyuv siab ntawm cov nroj tsuag ua qoob loo feem ntau yog 5-20% ntawm lub cev qhuav, hauv cov noob nplej - 8-25%, hauv cov noob ntawm legumes thiab oilseeds - 20-35%. Kev txau yog nyob ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntau, cog qoob loo thiab chiv thiab chiv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog chiv chiv.

Thaum peb cog peb cov ntoo, peb siv zog ua qoob loo uas muaj protein ntau dua. Lub ntsiab ntawm cov protein yog qhov tsis tu ncua, lawv txhua tus muaj 51-55% carbon, 6.5-7% hydrogen, 15-18% nitrogen, 21-24% oxygen thiab 0.3-1.5% sulfur. Cov zaub protein ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev noj haus ntawm cov pej xeem. Txhua txhua hnub ib tus neeg uas muaj zaub mov noj yuav tsum tau txais tsawg kawg 70-100 g ntawm cov protein. Tsis muaj protein ntau hauv cov zaub mov ua rau lub cev zom zaub mov tsis zoo.

Tag nrho cov protein tau muab faib ua ob pawg nyob ntawm lawv cov solubility hauv ntau cov kuab tshuaj: cov protein tsis yooj yim, lossis cov protein ua los ntawm cov amino acid seem, thiab cov khoom tiv thaiv, lossis cov protein ua tsis yooj yim, suav nrog cov protein yooj yooj yim thiab qee qhov tsis-muaj protein ntxiv khov kho khi rau nws. Cov protein muaj xws li cov roj ntsha hauv qab no: albumin (soluble hauv dej), globulins - soluble hauv kev daws tsis muaj zog ntawm cov ntsev nruab nrab, uas muaj thoob plaws hauv cov nroj tsuag (hauv cov noob ntawm legumes thiab oilseeds, lawv suav tias feem ntau ntawm cov protein), prolamins - soluble hauv cawv (pom tsuas yog hauv cov noob nplej - gliadins ntawm cov nplej thiab txhuv noob, casein - pob kws, avenin - oats), glutelins - insoluble hauv dej thiab ntsev daws, tab sis soluble hauv kev daws teebmeem alkali. Prolamins thiab glutelins ua rau ntau hom nplej gluten thiab xyuas kom meej qhov zoo ntawm qhob cij thiab nplej zom.

Proteids tau muab faib ua cov pab pawg nyob ntawm qhov xwm ntawm cov feem tsis muaj protein: lipoproteins, qhov twg cov protein sib txuam nrog ntau yam khoom zoo li rog, lipoids, uas yog ib feem ntawm semipermeable feem ntawm cov hlwb thiab mus rau hauv cov qauv sib luag; glucoproteins, lawv suav nrog cov carbohydrates lossis lawv cov keeb kwm; chromoproteins muaj cov protein txuas nrog qee cov xim tsis muaj protein, piv txwv li, chlorophyll ntsuab, uas yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis; nucleoproteins yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cov pab pawg ntawm cov protein txuam nrog nucleic acids. Nrog lawv cov kev koom tes, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj keeb thiab biosynthesis ntawm lwm cov tshuaj protein tshwm sim.