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Yuav Ua Li Cas Cov Chiv Ua Cuam Tshuam Rau Qhov Zoo Ntawm Cov Qoob Loo - 2
Yuav Ua Li Cas Cov Chiv Ua Cuam Tshuam Rau Qhov Zoo Ntawm Cov Qoob Loo - 2

Video: Yuav Ua Li Cas Cov Chiv Ua Cuam Tshuam Rau Qhov Zoo Ntawm Cov Qoob Loo - 2

Video: Yuav Ua Li Cas Cov Chiv Ua Cuam Tshuam Rau Qhov Zoo Ntawm Cov Qoob Loo - 2
Video: Xh. Zootsib Hawj: Yuav ua li cas thiaj ua tau neeg zoo 2024, Lub peb hlis ntuj
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Nitrogen sib txuas ntawm cov tsis muaj protein ntau

Ntxiv rau cov protein, cov nroj tsuag yeej ib txwm muaj cov nitrogenous sib txuas ntawm cov tsis muaj protein xwm, tus nqi uas feem ntau hu ua "non-protein nitrogen - crude protein". Qhov feem me me no suav nrog cov ntxhia hauv nitrogen - nitrates thiab ammonia - nrog rau cov organic tsis muaj protein ntau - dawb amino acids thiab amides. Ntawm cov organic nitrogenous tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg cog yog peptides, uas yog "me me amino acid seem".

Ib qho tseem ceeb cov organic nitrogenous tshuaj yog qhov yooj yim sib txuas - pyrimidine thiab purine derivatives. Lawv hu ua pyrimidine thiab purine puag. Cov no yog cov tsev sau qib qis uas tsim cov nucleic acid lwg me me. Txhua lub cev tsis muaj protein nyob hauv nplooj ntawm cov nroj tsuag feem ntau ua rau 10-25% ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus protein. Hauv cov noob cog noob, cov tsis muaj protein nitrogen feem ntau yog kwv yees li 1% los ntawm cov noob hnyav, lossis 6-10% ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov protein. Hauv cov noob ntawm legumes thiab oilseeds, cov tsis muaj protein ntau suav txog 2-3% ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov noob, lossis txog 10% ntawm cov ntsiab lus protein. Feem ntau ntawm cov zaub mov tsis muaj protein ntau nyob rau hauv cov qos yaj ywm hauv paus, cov qoob loo hauv paus thiab lwm cov qoob loo cog.

Hauv cov nqaj qos yaj ywm, tsis muaj protein ntau ntawm cov khoom noj nruab nrab hauv nruab nrab cov nyiaj nruab nrab rau kwv yees li 1% ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm lub cev, uas yog, lawv muaj kwv yees li tib yam li cov protein, thiab nrog rau theem ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus hauv nitrogen, tej zaum yuav muaj protein ntau nitrogen tebchaw dua li cov protein. Hauv cov hauv paus hniav ntawm beets, carrots thiab lwm cov qoob loo, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tsis muaj protein nitrogen tebchaw kuj yog kwv yees sib npaug ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein thiab qhov nruab nrab 0.5-0.8% ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov qoob loo hauv paus.

Tsis yog-protein nitrogen

Nws yog zoo nqus los ntawm tib neeg lub cev thiab muaj ncaj ncees muaj nqi lom. Cov chiv ua rau kom muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein thiab cov tsis muaj protein ntau hauv cov qoob loo, yog li kev them nyiaj ntau rau kev nce qib ntawm txhua feem.

Carbohydrates

Qhov thib ob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws pab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj rau cov uas cog qoob loo ntau yog carbohydrates. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog cov suab thaj, hmoov txhuv nplej siab, cellulose thiab pectin tshuaj.

Sahara

Hauv cov ntaub so ntswg cog, lawv nthuav tawm hauv ntau ntau li cov tshuaj cia. Lawv yog cov ua los ntawm monosaccharides - qabzib thiab fructose - thiab ib qho kev tsis sib haum - sucrose. Qee zaum cov nroj tsuag nyob hauv lub xeev pub dawb muaj qhov cim tseg ntawm tsib-carbon suab thaj - pentoses.

Cauj

Muaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua nyob cog cell. Hauv ntau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov txiv ntoo, nws nthuav tawm hauv lub xeev dawb hauv qhov ntau thiab txiav txim siab lawv qab zib. Hauv beets thiab lwm cov qoob loo hauv paus, txawm hais tias muaj cov ntsiab lus qab zib txhua qhov ntau, cov piam thaj nyob tsawg thiab muaj tsawg tshaj li 1%. Cov kua nplaum kuj tseem muaj nyob hauv ntau yam tsis pom kev, trisaccharides, hmoov txhuv nplej siab, fiber ntau, glycosides thiab lwm cov tebchaw. Hauv cov kab mob muaj sia, qabzib yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ua pa thiab, yog li ntawd, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los ntawm lub zog.

Fructose

Muaj nyob hauv ntau cov txiv ntoo qab zib hauv qhov ntau txog 6-10%. Hauv cov zaub, cov ntsiab lus fructose yog qhov tsawg heev, tsis pub ntau tshaj feem kaum ntawm ib feem pua. Nws yog ib feem ntawm sucrose thiab ntau cov tshuaj polyfructosides, ntawm cov inulin yog qhov sib kis ntau. Nws nthuav tawm raws li cov khoom tshwj tseg (txog 10-12%) hauv keeb kwm ntawm Jerusalem artichoke (earthen pear), dahlias, chicory thiab qee yam nroj tsuag.

Sucrose

Piv nrog rau lwm cov piam thaj, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam, vim nws tau ua cov qab zib tseem ceeb hauv kev noj haus ntawm cov pej xeem. Sucrose yog tsim los ntawm cov piam thaj hauv qabzib thiab fructose lwg me me. Txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tau qhov txawv los ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus siab dua, muaj ntau ntawm nws hauv keeb kwm ntawm beets (14-22%). Cov tebchaw tseem ceeb hauv cov nroj tsuag yog cov phosphoric esters uas muaj suab thaj (feem ntau hexose thiab pentose), uas yog cov piam thaj tebchaw nrog phosphoric acid residue. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb xws li photosynthesis, kev ua pa, ua ke ntawm cov carbohydrates ua los ntawm cov yooj yim, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov suab thaj thiab lwm cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv cov nroj tsuag nrog kev koom tes nrog phosphorus esters ntawm suab thaj. Yog li ntawd, thov siv phosphorus chiv hloov pauv qhov zoo ntawm cov qoob loo, nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom siv txawb tau yooj yim - cov piam thaj, fructose thiab sucrose.

Hmoov txhuv nplej siab

Nws yog feem ntau yog cia polysaccharide pom hauv cov nplooj ntsuab, tab sis lub plab hnyuv siab raum loj nyob rau hauv uas nws tau nyob yog cov noob thiab cov ceg. Cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab tsis yog homogeneous khoom, tab sis kev sib xyaw ntawm ob qhov sib txawv polysaccharides - amylose thiab amylopectin, uas sib txawv hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev. Cov hmoov nplej muaj 15-25 thiab 75-85%, feem. Amylose yaj nyob rau hauv cov dej yam tsis muaj kev txhim kho ntawm kev muab tshuaj, muab xim xiav nrog iodine. Amylopectin muab cov xim violet nrog iodine, nrog dej kub nws tsim cov tshuaj txhuam. Cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab cov ntsiab lus nyob hauv cov qoob loo yog heev rau daim ntawv thov phosphorus thiab potassium chiv.

Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej ntau ntxiv hauv cov noob nplej (70-80%), pob kws (60-75%) thiab lwm yam lis. Cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab hauv cov noob ntawm cov qoob loo leguminous muaj tsawg, thiab hauv cov noob ntawm oilseeds nws yuav luag tsis tuaj. Muaj ntau cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab hauv cov qos yaj ywm: hauv ntau yam thaum ntxov - 10-14%, nruab nrab-lig thiab lig ntau yam - 16-22% ntawm tuber qhov hnyav. Nyob ntawm cov mob loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, ntawm cov chiv, cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab tuaj yeem sib txawv. Cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab zoo heev los ntawm tib neeg lub cev thiab hloov pauv tau yooj yim hauv cov nroj tsuag mus rau lwm qhov yooj yim mobile carbohydrates. Nws lwj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov enzymes, uas hu ua amylases.

Cellulose, lossis fiber ntau

Nws yog qhov feem tseem ceeb ntawm tsob ntoo xovtooj ntawm phab ntsa. Cov cellulose ntshiab yog xim dawb, uas yog fibrous. Hauv cov noob ntawm leguminous cov qoob loo cellulose 3-5%, hauv cov qos yaj ywm thiab cov qoob loo hauv paus - txog 1%. Muaj ntau ntawm cellulose hauv paj rwb, flax, hemp, jute, uas yog zus rau kev tsim cov kab mob cellulose fiber ntau rau cov khoom lag luam. Cellulose tsis yog assimilated los ntawm tib neeg lub cev thiab ua haujlwm ua ballast, tab sis ua kom zoo dua lub plab hnyuv ua haujlwm, txhawb txoj kev tshem tawm cov hlau hnyav ntawm lub cev. Nrog rau kev ua tiav hydrolysis ntawm fiber ntau (qhov no tshwm sim hauv lub cev ntawm ruminants) cov piam thaj tau tsim.

Cov tshuaj pectin

Kev nthuav dav hauv cov nroj tsuag, lawv muaj peev xwm los tsim cov txiv ntseej lossis jellies nyob rau hauv muaj cov kua qaub thiab qab zib. Hauv qhov loj tshaj plaws (txog li 1-2% ntawm daim ntaub hnyav), lawv pom nyob hauv cov qoob loo hauv paus, txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cellulose thiab pectin tshuaj (insoluble cov ntaub ntawv ntawm carbohydrates) nyob rau hauv cov qoob loo tseem tuaj yeem tswj tau nrog kev pab los ntawm cov chiv, feem ntau los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov sib piv thov.

Cov rog thiab cov khoom zoo li rog, vim li ntawd hu ua lipids thiab lipoids

Lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm cov nroj tsuag, vim lawv yog cov txheej txheem qauv hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm cov hlwb, thiab hauv ntau cov nroj tsuag, ntxiv rau, lawv ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj pov thawj. Cytoplasmic cov rog thiab cov nyom ntawm lipoids nrog cov protein - lipoproteins - muaj nyob hauv txhua yam plab hnyuv siab raum thiab cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag - hauv nplooj, kav, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, cov hauv paus hniav; lawv cov ntsiab lus yog 0.1-0.5%. Cov nroj tsuag uas txuam nrog cov roj ntau hauv cov noob thiab qhov nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas tshwj xeeb hu ua roj nroj tsuag. Cov ntsiab lus rog nyob rau hauv paj noob hlis yog 26-45%, flax - 34-48%, hemp - 30-38%, poppy - 50-60%, tshis cov rue thiab amaranth - 30-40%, nyob rau hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo hauv hiav txwv buckthorn - mus txog 20%. Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov rog nyob hauv cov noob yog nyob ntawm cov yam ntxwv txawv ntawm cov qoob loo, huab cua, huab cua thiab thaj av muaj ntawv thiab cov chiv siv.

Cov zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov zaub cov rog tsis yog qis dua li cov tsiaj cov rog. Ib qho ntxiv, thaum txiav txim siab cov zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov rog, nws yuav tsum tau xav hauv nruab siab tias linoleic thiab linolenic acids, uas yog ib feem ntawm lawv cov lus sib xyaw, tsuas yog muaj nyob hauv cov roj zaub. Lawv "cuam tshuam tsis tau" rau ib tus neeg, vim tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem coj los ua ke hauv nws lub cev, tab sis lawv tsim nyog rau lub neej zoo.

Cov vitamins hauv tib neeg lub cev tsis tuaj yeem tsim kho, thiab hauv lawv qhov kev qhaj lossis tsis muaj peev xwm, cov kab mob loj. Hauv cov nroj tsuag, cov vitamins muaj ze ze rau cov enzymes. Txog 40 hom vitamins txawv nyob rau tam sim no. Qhov tsis muaj cov tshuaj ascorbic acid (vitamin C) hauv zaub mov ua rau muaj mob hnyav hu ua scurvy. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv nws, ib tus neeg yuav tsum tau txais 50-100 mg ntawm ascorbic acid nrog zaub mov hauv ib hnub.

Thiamine (vitamin B1) yog qhov tseem ceeb tsis txaus ntseeg hauv cov txheej txheem hauv metabolic hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj, txij li nyob rau hauv phosphoric ether nws tau muaj nyob rau hauv ntau tus enzymes uas catalyze hloov ntawm ntau lub tebchaw. Nrog cov tsis muaj thiamine hauv tib neeg cov zaub mov, polyneuritis tshwm sim. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) yog ib qho kev tiv thaiv ntawm ntau tus redox enzymes.

Txoj kev xav tau rau niaj hnub tib neeg rau nws yog 2-3 mg. Feem ntau ntawm cov vitamin no pom muaj nyob hauv cov poov xab, kua zaub nplej thiab hauv qee cov zaub. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem hauv lub cev hauv lub cev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov metabolism hauv nitrogen: nws yog ib feem ntawm cov enzymes uas cuam tshuam ntau cov amino acid metabolism cov kev cuam tshuam, suav nrog xws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb raws li lawv hloov.

Tocopherol (vitamin E) yog ib pab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw nrog kev ua haujlwm siab. Nrog rau qhov tsis muaj cov vitamin E hauv ib tus neeg, cov metabolism ntawm cov protein, lipids, carbohydrates yog qhov tab kaum, qhov chaw mos tau cuam tshuam thiab muaj peev xwm tsim muaj peev xwm ploj. Retinol (vitamin A) tiv thaiv tib neeg thiab tsiaj los ntawm xerophthalmia, mob o ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm lub qhov muag thiab "tsaus ntuj dig muag".

Cov nroj tsuag tsis muaj cov vitamins A, tab sis lawv muaj cov tshuaj nrog A-vitamin cov haujlwm. Cov no suav nrog carotenoids - cov xim daj lossis xim liab. Qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov no yog carotene, uas, nrog rau chlorophyll, ib txwm pom muaj nyob hauv nplooj ntsuab, hauv ntau cov paj thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Cov carotenoids yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis, kev cog kev cog ntoo thiab hauv cov kab rov tav. Carotene hauv tib neeg lub cev tau yooj yim hloov pauv mus rau cov vitamin A.

Ntau lub tebchaw nrog K-vitamin cov haujlwm yog paub, lawv tsim nyog rau kev coagulation ntshav ib txwm, nrog lawv qhov tsis muaj, cov ntshav coagulation feem tsawg poob qis, thiab qee zaum kev tuag los ntawm kev mob ntshav sab hauv yog pom. Hauv cov nroj tsuag, cov vitamins ntawm K pawg tau koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem redox thiab, tshwj xeeb, hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis.

Vitamin K raug muab tso ua ke hauv ntsuab seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas muaj kev nplua nuj ntau nyob hauv cov vitamin no piv rau noob. Kev cog cov zaub mov zoo los ntawm kev yug tsiaj ua rau muaj cov vitamins ntau ntxiv.

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